Smaller citizens: On the gaps in India’s education system

Despite rising enrolment, gaps in India’s education system are not closing quickly

The pandemic (a disease that exists in almost all of an area or in almost all of a group of people, animals or plants) was difficult for India’s youngest citizens, the children, but the true import (importance or meaning) of its impact is coming to light now. In the Annual Status of Education Report, titled ‘ASER 2023: Beyond Basics’ and released on Wednesday, a survey by civil society organization Pratham among rural students aged 14 to 18, found that more than half struggled (to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something) with basic mathematics, a skill they should have mastered in Classes 3 and 4. The household survey, the first field-based one in four years, was conducted in 28 districts across 26 States and assessed (to judge or decide the amount, value, quality, or importance of something) the foundational (forming the base from which everything else develops) reading and arithmetic abilities of 34,745 students. In other findings, about 25% of this age group cannot read a Class 2 level text in their mother tongue; boys are, however, better in arithmetic and English reading skills than girls. Overall, 86.8% in the 14-18 year age group are enrolled in an educational institution, but there are gaps as they grow older — while 3.9% of 14-year-olds are not in school, the figure climbs to 32.6% for 18-year-olds. Also, for Class 11 and higher, most students opt for Humanities; while girls are less likely to be enrolled in the science stream (28.1%) compared with boys (36.3%), only 5.6% have opted for vocational training (providing knowledge and skills that prepare you for a particular job) or other related courses.

The proportion (the number, amount, or level of one thing when compared to another) of children opting for private tuition nationwide went up from 25% in 2018 to 30% in 2022. Close to 90% of the youngsters surveyed have a smartphone and know how to use it, though many are unaware of online safety settings. The trends, especially the lag in reading and solving simple arithmetic (the part of mathematics that involves the adding and multiplying, etc. of numbers), give an inkling (a feeling that something is true or likely to happen, although you are not certain) of what ails the education system, and the corrective measures required. The National Education Policy 2020 says the top priority (something that is very important and must be dealt with before other things) is to “achieve universal foundational literacy (knowledge of a particular subject, or a particular type of knowledge) and numeracy in primary school by 2025”. The report says all States have made a major push in foundational literacy and numeracy under the NIPUN Bharat Mission, but the numbers show that in a diverse (very different from each other) and vast country such as India, there is a lot of catching up to do. While rising enrolment (the act of putting yourself or someone else onto the official list of members of a course, college or university, or group) is a good thing, what awaits the students after they finish the compulsory (if something is compulsory, you must do it because of a rule or law) school cycle (Class 8) is not all that rosy, sometimes because they are simply not able to cope with the ambitious (having a strong wish to be successful, powerful, or rich) curriculum set (the subjects studied in a school, college, etc. and what each subject includes) for the higher secondary level. The Right to Education Act, 2009 may have ensured universal access (to judge or decide the amount, value, quality, or importance of something) to education, but there is many a gap to fill before it touches every child in the true spirit of the law.

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