{"id":204429,"date":"2026-06-24T14:37:25","date_gmt":"2026-06-24T09:07:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/?p=204429"},"modified":"2026-06-24T16:11:48","modified_gmt":"2026-06-24T10:41:48","slug":"vishleshan-for-regulatory-exams-24th-june-2026","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/vishleshan-for-regulatory-exams-24th-june-2026\/","title":{"rendered":"Vishleshan for Regulatory Exams 24th June 2026 | OFS in State\u2011Run Banks and the Fiscal Tightrope"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"yoast-breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/\">Home<\/a><\/span> \u00bb <span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/category\/vishleshan\/\">Vishleshan<\/a><\/span> \u00bb <span class=\"breadcrumb_last\" aria-current=\"page\">OFS in PSU Banks 2026<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Centre\u2019s decision to raise \u20b913,000 crore via Offer for Sale in three public sector banks is less about disinvestment optics and more about fiscal arithmetic. With GST buoyancy slipping below 1.0 and refund delays taxing exporters, the government\u2019s revenue strategy is shifting toward asset monetisation. OFS in state\u2011run banks signals two simultaneous pressures: the need to shore up non\u2011tax receipts to meet deficit targets, and the political calculus of reducing state ownership without triggering market instability. In this Vishleshan, we decode why OFS is not just a fundraising tool but a stress test of India\u2019s fiscal balance \u2014 weighing capital market depth, banking sector resilience, and the limits of consensus in public sector reform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Businesses embrace GST, but seek more reforms: Deloitte survey<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Context<\/strong>: Nine years into GST, the Deloitte India survey of 1,096 C-suite executives delivers what looks like a report card: 99% positive or neutral experience, robust \u20b91.94 trillion May collections, and near-universal adoption. The article frames this as a maturity story \u2014 &#8220;GST 2.0&#8221; has arrived and businesses are ready for the next phase. This Vishleshan agrees with the direction but challenges the framing: the 99% satisfaction figure conceals a structural divide between large enterprises (who designed their operations around GST) and MSMEs (who are still managing cash flow crises caused by it). The survey&#8217;s &#8220;positive or neutral&#8221; binary hides the real story \u2014 compliance is accepted, but the working capital damage from refund delays and ITC disputes remains unresolved and is growing more acute as collections scale up.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Link to the Article<\/strong>:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/economy\/business-survey-gst-indirect-tax-reforms-deloitte-india-11782230461935.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\"> Mint<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><u>Background<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/GST_converted-1024x683.webp\" alt=\"GST\" class=\"wp-image-204465\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/GST_converted-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/GST_converted-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/GST_converted-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/GST_converted-150x100.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/GST_converted.webp 1535w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Input Tax Credit (ITC) \u2014 How It Works and Where It Breaks<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How it works (when functioning correctly):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A manufacturer buys raw materials, pays 18% GST on inputs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sells finished goods, collects 12% GST on output<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Net GST liability = output tax collected minus input tax paid<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If input tax &gt; output tax \u2192 refund due from government<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Failure Mode<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>How It Manifests<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Who Is Hurt Most<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Inverted duty structure<\/strong><\/td><td>GST on inputs is higher than GST on outputs \u2192 chronic refund accumulation<\/td><td>Textile, pharma, fertiliser manufacturers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Refund delays<\/strong><\/td><td>Government processes refunds in 30\u201390+ days despite legal 60-day limit; interest at only 6% p.a. after delay \u2014 so low that delayed payment is financially rational for government<\/td><td>Exporters, MSMEs, working capital-intensive businesses<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>ITC mismatch disputes<\/strong><\/td><td>Buyer&#8217;s ITC claim blocked if supplier hasn&#8217;t filed\/ filed incorrectly<\/td><td>All businesses dependent on small\/unregistered suppliers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Blocked credit<\/strong><\/td><td>Certain categories (construction, motor vehicles, hospitality) explicitly denied ITC<\/td><td>Real estate, hospitality, infrastructure sectors<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>RCM (Reverse Charge Mechanism)<\/strong><\/td><td>Recipient pays GST on behalf of supplier \u2014 but can only claim ITC later, not at point of payment<\/td><td>Cash flow gap for all RCM-covered transactions<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/India-GST_converted-1024x683.webp\" alt=\"India GST\" class=\"wp-image-204467\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/India-GST_converted-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/India-GST_converted-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/India-GST_converted-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/India-GST_converted-150x100.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.practicemock.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/India-GST_converted.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><u>The MSME vs. Large Enterprise Divide \u2014 The Survey&#8217;s Hidden Variable<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The survey covers MSMEs, large companies, and very large enterprises but presents aggregate results. The one MSME-specific data point the article gives is critical:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Quarterly return filing satisfaction: 12% (2023) \u2192 67% (2026)<\/strong> \u2014 a 55 percentage point jump<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This jump is almost entirely explained by the <strong>QRMP scheme<\/strong> (Quarterly Return Monthly Payment), introduced in January 2021, which allowed small taxpayers (turnover &lt; \u20b95 crore) to file returns quarterly while paying tax monthly. Before QRMP, small businesses filed monthly returns \u2014 an enormous compliance burden for proprietors with no dedicated tax staff. The 67% figure means 1 in 3 MSMEs still does not find quarterly filing adequate \u2014 a large residual dissatisfaction for what should be the most straightforward reform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><u>Inverted Duty Structure \u2014 The Most Underexplained Term in the Article<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What it is: <\/strong>When the GST rate on inputs is higher than the GST rate on outputs, a manufacturer perpetually accumulates ITC it cannot use \u2014 because its output tax liability is always smaller than its input tax paid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Classic example \u2014 fertiliser sector (rates current as of 2026):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Inputs (packing material, chemicals, services) taxed at 12\u201318% GST<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fertiliser output taxed at 5% GST<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Every tonne of fertiliser produced generates a refund obligation from the government<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>At scale, this creates a structural working capital drain \u2014 businesses are effectively pre-financing the government&#8217;s refund obligation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Why 69% of respondents want the refund formula expanded to cover all input taxes:<\/strong> Currently the refund formula for inverted duty structures is deliberately restrictive \u2014 it covers only input goods, not input services. A manufacturer paying 18% GST on freight, warehousing, and professional services cannot include those in the inverted duty refund claim. Expanding the formula to include all inputs would eliminate the largest remaining source of ITC accumulation for affected sectors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><u>Decoding the Article: Analysis<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u00a01. The 99% Satisfaction Figure Is a Binary Trap That Conceals the Real Story<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The headline number is striking: &#8220;99% reporting a positive or neutral experience.&#8221; The article presents this as evidence that GST has been broadly accepted. It is \u2014 but &#8220;positive or neutral&#8221; is a binary that makes the figure almost meaningless as a policy signal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Consider the alternative: would any C-suite executive at a company operating in India for 9 years tell a Deloitte surveyor that GST has been a &#8220;negative&#8221; experience? The reputational and regulatory exposure of that answer \u2014 especially for a named, senior executive \u2014 is enormous. The survey methodology itself creates selection bias toward positive responses. &#8220;Neutral&#8221; is the honest answer for anyone who has adapted to the system but still finds it costly; &#8220;positive&#8221; is the safe answer. &#8220;Negative&#8221; is career risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The actual story is in the demand numbers, not the satisfaction binary. <strong>87% seek interpretational clarity. 67% flag working capital pressure. 69% want refund formula expansion. 61% demand uniform audits.<\/strong> If 99% are happy but 87% are seeking fundamental policy reform, the &#8220;happiness&#8221; is compliance acceptance, not system satisfaction. The article conflates the two. A more accurate headline: <em>&#8220;Nine years in, businesses have adapted to GST but the structural costs \u2014 ITC disputes, refund delays, interpretational ambiguity \u2014 remain unresolved and are the dominant focus of the next reform phase.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>The Refund Delay Problem Is Not Just a Liquidity Issue. It Is a Structural Tax on Exporters That Directly Affects India&#8217;s Export Competitiveness.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The article frames refund delays as a &#8220;working capital&#8221; issue \u2014 businesses want faster refunds to manage cash flow. This framing is correct but significantly understates the economic cost.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Indian exporters are zero-rated under GST \u2014 they pay GST on inputs but receive a full refund, since exports are not taxed. This means every rupee of GST refund delay is effectively a tax on Indian exports \u2014 the exporter has pre-financed the government and is waiting for repayment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On a \u20b91 crore GST refund delayed by 60 days at a working capital borrowing rate of 12% per annum, the hidden financing cost is approximately \u20b92 lakh \u2014 or 0.2% of the export value. The government&#8217;s statutory interest rate for delayed refunds is 6% per annum \u2014 so low that delayed payment is financially rational for the exchequer: it borrows from exporters at 6% in a 12% market. Multiplied across India&#8217;s ~$450 billion goods export base, even a 1% effective delay tax represents ~\u20b96,750 crore in annual hidden export cost.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This is not an abstraction. India&#8217;s export growth has consistently underperformed peers (Vietnam, Bangladesh, Mexico) in labour-intensive manufactures \u2014 sectors dominated by MSMEs and small exporters who are most vulnerable to refund delays.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The GST Council has introduced multiple refund acceleration measures (IGST refund automation, single-authority disbursement) since 2017 \u2014 but the Deloitte survey shows that faster refunds remain a top demand in 2026, nine years in. The article does not name the export competitiveness cost of refund delays \u2014 which is the most important macroeconomic implication of this data point.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <strong>The Collection Growth Deceleration Is Real, Even After Stripping Out the Base Effect<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The article cites \u20b91.94 trillion in May 2026 GST collections, up 3.2% year-on-year, as evidence that &#8220;collections continue to be robust.&#8221; The Finance Ministry&#8217;s own clarification note flags that adjusted for a one-time \u20b910,000 crore telecom spectrum payment in the May 2025 base, growth was ~9%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The adjusted 9% is the honest number \u2014 and it still tells a concerning story. India&#8217;s nominal GDP growth in FY27 is tracking at approximately 10\u201311% (6.6% real + ~4% inflation). At 9% adjusted growth, GST buoyancy has slipped below 1.0 \u2014 the threshold below which GST is shrinking as a share of the economy. The YTD FY27 pace (April\u2013May 2026) is 6.2%, well below the 10\u201312% the Budget typically assumes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Three structural factors drive this deceleration:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(a) the informal-to-formal migration effect \u2014 the large one-time compliance gain from bringing informal sector businesses into GST is largely exhausted after 9 years;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(b) rate rationalization has reduced the effective rate on many categories \u2014 the GST Council has cut rates more than it has raised them over the decade;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(c) the Iran-war-linked slowdown in consumption in energy and auto sectors, two of GST&#8217;s highest-revenue categories, is visible in recent data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The government will need either a rate hike (politically difficult), new categories brought into GST (petroleum products remain outside), or a consumption recovery to restore double-digit collection growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><u>Fine Print \u2014 What the Article Quietly Skipped<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The AI integration demand (89%) is the survey&#8217;s most forward-looking finding \u2014 and the article buries it.<\/strong> Nearly 9 in 10 respondents support AI for tax data processing and reconciliation. This is not a vague preference \u2014 it reflects a specific pain point: the GST reconciliation process (matching purchase register data with supplier-filed returns across GSTR-1, GSTR-2A, and GSTR-3B) is currently a monthly manual exercise for finance teams at large companies, involving hundreds of thousands of line-item matches. AI-assisted reconciliation would eliminate this entirely. The GSTN has been piloting AI-based mismatch detection since 2024 \u2014 but the 89% demand figure suggests the rollout is far behind business expectations. This is the GST reform with the highest ROI for business productivity and the least policy controversy \u2014 and the article gives it one sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The &#8220;interpretational clarity&#8221; demand (87%) is a polite way of saying tax litigation has become systemic \u2014 and the new tribunal risks being overwhelmed before it finds its feet.<\/strong> GST was supposed to reduce indirect tax disputes, which under the pre-GST regime had created a \u20b915+ lakh crore backlog in courts and tribunals. The GST Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT) became operational only in February 2026 \u2014 nearly nine years after GST&#8217;s launch. An estimated 2 lakh appeals are expected to be filed before GSTAT by the June 30, 2026 deadline alone (the window for pre-April 2026 adverse orders), against a tribunal that has been hearing cases for less than five months and currently has benches operational only in Delhi, Cuttack, and Chennai. The dispute resolution infrastructure arrived nine years late \u2014 and may be overwhelmed from day one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The BFSI sector&#8217;s GST position remains structurally unresolved \u2014 and the article does not name it.<\/strong> Banks and financial institutions operate under a fundamentally different GST architecture from the rest of the economy \u2014 financial services are partially exempt, partially taxable, and ITC eligibility for mixed-supply financial institutions is governed by complex apportionment rules. The survey notes BFSI favoured &#8220;automation and integrated digital infrastructure&#8221; \u2014 which is the sector-specific language for: our ITC apportionment calculations are too complex to do manually and too error-prone to do without automation. The BFSI GST issue is a separate structural problem from the inverted duty or refund delay issues affecting manufacturing \u2014 and grouping all sectors into one &#8220;GST 2.0&#8221; narrative obscures how different the reform priorities are by sector.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Petroleum products outside GST is the survey&#8217;s loudest silence.<\/strong> The biggest structural incompleteness in India&#8217;s GST architecture \u2014 that petrol, diesel, aviation turbine fuel, and natural gas remain outside the GST framework \u2014 does not appear anywhere in the article or, apparently, in the survey findings. Every supply chain optimization argument in the survey is incomplete without acknowledging that transport costs (the largest input cost for most manufacturing and logistics businesses) are taxed under a pre-GST framework \u2014 with no ITC available. A manufacturer paying GST on all inputs but non-creditable taxes on fuel is still operating a hybrid tax system. The Deloitte survey of 1,096 C-suite executives somehow does not surface this \u2014 which either means the survey did not ask, or the finding was omitted from the article. Either way, it is the most important structural gap in India&#8217;s GST architecture and its absence from a 9th anniversary review is notable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nine years in, GST has won the compliance battle \u2014 99% of businesses operate within the system, the digital backbone is functional, and \u20b91.94 trillion in monthly collections represent a genuine fiscal achievement. But winning compliance is not the same as winning efficiency. The working capital damage from refund delays, the litigation accumulation from interpretational gaps, the structural distortion from petroleum exclusion, and the decelerating collection growth rate all point to a system that has been optimized for revenue extraction but not yet for economic neutrality. GST 2.0&#8217;s central challenge is not technological \u2014 it is political: every reform the survey demands (rate rationalization, refund expansion, petroleum inclusion) requires the GST Council to give something up. Nine years of consensus-building created the system. The next nine years will test whether that consensus can absorb the reforms needed to complete it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Centre\u2019s \u20b913,000 crore OFS in three PSU banks is more than fundraising \u2014 it\u2019s a test of fiscal balance, market depth, and reform consensus.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":204436,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4022],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-204429","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vishleshan"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Centre to Raise \u20b913,000 Crore via OFS in PSU Banks | Fiscal Strategy Explained<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Centre plans to raise \u20b913,000 crore through Offer for Sale in three public sector banks. 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