The Hindu Editorial Vocabulary– October 3, 2023; Day 476

Capturing the monsoon: its variance (An activity that varies from a norm or standard) and the message

India needs all-weather insurance against vagaries (An unexpected and inexplicable change in something (in a situation or a person’s behaviour, etc.)) of global climate

For the first time since 2018, India has reported a deficit (The amount by which something is less than expected or required) monsoon. From June to September this year, India received 82 cm of rainfall, nearly 6% lower than the 89 cm that is considered ‘normal’. Beginning April, there were enough indications that the monsoon would be subdued (reduced) with an El Niño on the horizon (likely to happen soon). This cyclical warming of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean usually corresponds to a decline in rainfall over India, particularly the north-west. Between 2019 and 2022, the Indian monsoon was significantly impacted by the converse (obsolete) phenomenon – a cooling La Niña — that sometimes is associated with above normal rainfall. By those metrics, the expectations of a normal monsoon in 2023 were muted. However, the experience of the monsoon this year was far from the ordinary. About 9% of the country received ‘excess’ rainfall with 18% getting ‘deficient’ and the rest of the country, ‘normal’ rainfall. While on one hand, August — the second-most important monsoon month — posted a third less than its normal, several States in north India, which were expecting minimal rainfall, were deluged (A heavy rain) following multiple episodes of record rainfall. July, for instance, saw exceptionally heavy rainfall in Chandigarh, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, resulting in floods and landslides (A slide of a large mass of dirt and rock down a mountain or cliff). Several cities were left grappling (Succeed in doing, achieving, or producing (something) with the limited or inadequate means available) with serious flooding over several days. Cloudbursts were reported in Himachal Pradesh in August. It is worthwhile to note here that these episodes of intense rain were due to so-called western disturbances that are extra tropical storms from the Mediterranean region and normally not expected to play a major part in the monsoon. Thus, these are fingerprints of the wide-ranging impacts of anthropogenic (Of or relating to the study of the origins and development of human beings) warming.

At the other end of the spectrum (A broad range of related objects, values, qualities, ideas or activities) were drought-like conditions in Maharashtra. Extreme water stress was also reported out of Chhattisgarh, Bihar and Karnataka, where in the case of Karnataka, matters came to a head with neighbouring Tamil Nadu over the sharing of water from the Cauvery river. The India Meteorological Department has also forecast a ‘normal’ north-east monsoon from October to December and ‘normal to above-normal rainfall’ over large parts of north-west India and south peninsular (any land area projecting out into water) India. The signs are there of increased rains in several parts of south India. The spatial (connected with the size or position and area of something) and temporal variance of the monsoon reiterates (To say, state, or perform again) the need to invest in more resilient infrastructure that can be an all-weather insurance against the increasingly unpredictable vagaries of the global climate. The pattern in recent years is to improve forecast models that are better able to warn of significant changes in weather a week or two ahead than having approaches that fail to capture the dynamics (the way in which things behave and react to each other in a particular situation) of the Indian monsoon. More money and expertise should be directed towards this.

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